Volatile composition of partially fermented wines elaborated from sun dried Pedro Ximénez grapes.

In this work, we used a cell immobilisation system consisting of Penicillium chrysogenum fungi (GRAS) bound to the osmotolerant yeast strains Saccharomyces cerevisiae X4 and X5 for the partial fermentation of raisin musts. The resulting wines were compared with others obtained by partial fermentation of musts with free yeasts and with a traditionally produced sweet wine (i.e. without fermentation of the must). The analysis of volatile compounds grouped by aroma series showed the partially fermented musts had a more complex aroma than the traditional wine. Specially prominent among aroma series was that of ripe fruit, followed by the milky and chemical series. The volatiles with the greatest impact on wine aroma as assessed in terms of odour activity were ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, butyrolactone, isoamyl alcohols, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, 2,3-butanediol, acetoin and 2,3-butanedione. A cluster analysis according to the Ward method was performed to assess the similarity between the traditional sweet wine and those obtained by partial fermentation with free and immobilised yeasts revealed small differences between the wines obtained with free and immobilised yeasts, and marked differences between partially fermented and traditionally obtained sweet wine. The wines provided by immobilised yeasts were the most appreciated in the sensory analysis (especially those obtained with X4 yeasts).

Use of two osmoethanol tolerant yeast strain to ferment must from Tempranillo dried grapes: effect on wine composition.

The must from Tempranillo dried grapes was divided into four batches to produce sweet wine. The first one was fortified with ethanol up to 12% (v/v) to avoid fermentation (traditional way). Other two batches were partially fermented with two osmoethanol tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains (X4 and X5). The last one was fermented with native yeast by spontaneous fermentation. Wines fermented partially with the strains X4 and X5 show high volatile acidity values (above 2g/L expressed as acetic acid), and a glycerol concentration around 20 g/L. Both strains also produce high amount of carboxylic acids and therefore the wines show a high ethyl ester concentration. Aromatic series were obtained for all the wines by grouping aroma compounds according to their odor descriptors. The series of the fermented wines with higher values in relation with the control wine were fruity, sweet and fatty, emphasizing the fruity series in the samples fermented with the X4 and X5 strains. The sensorial analysis of the wine samples by a tasting panel put in evidence that the musts fermented with the osmoethanol tolerant yeasts were better valued than the rest of the wine samples. The must fermented with the X4 strain obtained the maximum score in terms of aroma and flavour. So, the use of these osmoethanol tolerant S. cerevisiae strains could be a suitable alternative to produce sweet wines from must with high sugar concentration. The wines obtained this way are chemically and organoleptically more complex than those elaborated traditionally.

Estudio de calidad del aire ambiental en un animalario de investigación científica / A study of environmental air quality at a scientific research animalarium

Se presenta un Protocolo de Vigilancia Sanitaria Específica, desarrollado tras un estudio desfavorable de calidad de aire ambiental en un animalario, en el que se informaba de la aparición de incremento por encima de los valores de seguridad de microorganismos potencialmente patógenos. Se recomendó desinfección del sistema de aire, mientras se priorizaron medidas preventivas y estudio médico-laboral específico a los trabajadores. Esta guía de actuación permitió efectuar prevención primaria y tratamiento precoz en caso de enfermedad. Además puede aplicarse en cualquier entorno laboral que requiera analizar la salud de los trabajadores en relación a la calidad del aire interior (AU)

We present a specific health survey protocol and guideline that has been developed after an unfavourable environmental air quality study at a research animalarium, in which an increase of potentially pathogenic microorganisms above and beyond the safety thresholds was reported. Disinfection of the ventilation system was recommended, while preventive measures and a specific occupational medical study of the workers involved were given priority. These guidelines allowed for primary prevention and early treatment if and when disease arose. It may furthermore be also applied in any occupational environment requiring an analysis of workers´ health as related to environmental air quality (AU)

[Myocardial revascularization surgery without extracorporeal circulation]. / Cirugía de revascularización miocárdica sin circulación extracorpórea.

The number of patients who need coronary artery surgery growth every year. Most of these surgical operations are with extracorporeal circulation (ECC). Recently in our hospital this surgery is realized without ECC in selected patients. Some studies shows that this surgery is an alternative in the treatment of coronary artery disease, especially for aged patients with associated disease and in Jehovah's witness faith. A coronary artery diameter at the anastomotic site of 2 mm or greater and satisfactory hemodynamics with the cardiac manipulation are needed to realize this surgery. Given these limitations this technique has proved useful in selected patients requiring revascularization of the left anterior descending, circumflex or right coronary artery (not for grafting the posterior descending branch). The need of mechanical ventilation, days at ICU, blood required, morbidity and mortality, in our experience as in other studies, were fewer than surgery with CEC.

[Cardiorespiratory arrest as a reason for admission to the ICU: clinical course and prognostic factors]. / PCR como motivo de ingreso en UCI: evolución y factores pronósticos.

The cardiac arrest is a situation associated with a abrupt and unexpected interruption of the spontaneous breath and circulation. It's a frequent cause to admit people in hospital. There the patients are admitted to the intensive care unit in order to care for them after cardiac arrest. We have studied 68 cases about cardiac arrest, their evolution, death rate and many factors usually described by another authors as prognostic of these patients. We encountered a higher mortality the longer the time of arrest, the higher the score on the Apache scale, on the lower the score on the Glasgow coma scale. Another point is if we aren't sure about the cause of the cardiac arrest or it's cerebrovascular accidents or upper airway failure, the prognostic is worse. Finally, if the ECG at the moment of the admission is asystole the death rate is 100%.